TheGreat Wall of China Teks: Azlinawati binti Abdullah Siapa yang pernah melancong ke negara China mesti tidak sahkan jika tidak melawat Tembok Besar Cina (Saya belum sampai lagi ke Negara China). Tembok Besar Cina ini tidak salah saya siap dibina pada Dinasti Ming. Tujuan utama Tembok Besar ini dibina ialah untuk menahan serangan puak-puak Siapa sih, yang enggak tahu Tembok Besar Tiongkok, atau yang dikenal juga dengan nama The Great Wall of China? Tembok Besar adalah salah satu situs wisata yang sangat ingin dikunjungi oleh banyak orang. Seperti Namanya—Tembok Besar adalah sebuah benteng kuno yang memiliki panjang lebih dari 20 ribu kilometer. TheGreat Wall, or Chang Cheng in Chinese, is massive. It begins in the east at the Yellow Sea, travels near China's capital, Beijing, and continues west through numerous provinces. For thousands of miles, it winds like a snake through China's varied terrain. Smaller walls extend from the main wall. TRIBUNNEWSCOM - Jika Anda berencana untuk belajar, bekerja, atau tinggal di China, Anda mungkin pernah mendengar tentang tes HSK atau Tes Kecakapan Bahasa Mandarin. Tapi apa sebenarnya HSK itu dan apa manfaat mengikuti ujian profisiensi yang satu ini? Latar Belakang HSK. Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi (HSK, atau 汉语水平考试) adalah satu-satunya tes kecakapan bahasa Mandarin standar untuk C China's political system was based on hereditary monarchies, or dynasties, beginning with the semi-legendary Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE. D. Dragon dancers at Chinese New Year celebrations in London. E. The collection of fortifications known as the Great Wall of China has historically had a number of different names in both Chinese and TheGreat Wall (2016) 2CH Genre: Action, Adventure, Fantasy Stars: Matt Damon, Tian Jing, Willem Dafoe Quality: Gambar bening + Dolby 2CH Surround Sound Subtitle: Indonesia Synopsis: European mercenaries searching for black powder become embroiled in the defense of the Great Wall of China against a horde of monstrous creatures. pyxNDvk. China Precious bodily fluidsThe Chinese public stands to lose most from the regulationsA TEAM OF Chinese-led scientists made international headlines in May with newly published research that showed a surprising result. The Ice Age humans who crossed what is now the Bering Strait and populated North America had origins not only in Siberia, as previously known, but also in coastal China. The work of the team, which included Italian researchers, involved the collection and analysis of 100,000 genetic samples covering modern populations from nearly all of Eurasia, and more than 15,000 ancient to this story. Enjoy more audio and podcasts on iOS or browser does not support the is the kind of painstaking collaborative work that pushes the boundaries of knowledge. But it is also the kind of work that has become increasingly hard to do in China, or in co-operation with Chinese scientists. In recent years the country has, for the most part, tightened its regulations on the sharing of “human genetic resources” hgr with foreign entities. China’s rules, updated on June 1st, cover not only organs, tissue and bodily fluids but also data based on such material. Permission must be obtained through a byzantine application process before any export abroad or any sharing with foreign-controlled entities within China. Dr Yu-Chun Li, the lead author of the study on Ice Age migration, says the required approvals did not take long and the rules did not impede her team’s research. But many other scientists, Chinese and foreign, say they are having a harder regulatory regime imposes a heavy burden on multinational pharmaceutical firms and stifles international collaboration on biomedical research. Foreign companies conducting clinical trials in China have had to recruit dedicated hgr compliance teams in order to keep from running afoul of the rules. Violations can lead to both administrative and criminal punishment. “It creates this chilling effect,” says a person in the drug have been no publicised cases of criminal penalties since the earliest regulations were introduced in 1998. But numerous entities have been disciplined, ranging from AstraZeneca, a global pharmaceutical giant, to Huashan Hospital in Shanghai, one of China’s most prestigious. Many governments regulate the collection and use of genetic data and material, mainly out of concern for standards of informed consent and patient privacy. “But China takes it to the extreme. They view it as a very valuable resource,” says Lester Ross of WilmerHale, a law updates do loosen restrictions in some areas. Katherine Wang of Ropes & Gray, another law firm, sees the simplification of review and approval procedures as a positive development. Clinical information, medical imaging and metabolic data, previously regulated as HGR data, now fall outside the government’s definition. The state has also clarified its definition of a “foreign entity”, which had been some of those affected by the rules are disappointed that the science ministry remains in charge of enforcing them. Many expected the updates to shift responsibility to the national health authority, which, it was hoped, would be more sensitive to the needs of researchers. The new rules also strengthen the link between the HGR regime and national-security laws. Rao Yi of Peking University believes the impulse to restrict the sharing of genetic resources arose decades ago among people who did not understand the science and believed genetic material could be used to design bioweapons targeted at Chinese people. But it is the Chinese public that stands to lose from the dearth of Chinese samples made available to scientists elsewhere. Nearly 90% of the data used for worldwide genetic research comes from sources in the West, notes Mr Rao, meaning most studies focus on disease-associated mutations in those years Xi Jinping, China’s leader, has made reference to what he calls “the red gene”. This metaphorical bit of revolutionary dna, he has said, can be passed from generation to generation and “penetrate into the blood” of the Chinese masses. When it comes to the real-world genetic material of China’s people, his government seems to hold similarly strong views about where it may or may not be passed. Subscribers can sign up to Drum Tower, our new weekly newsletter, to understand what the world makes of China—and what China makes of the article appeared in the China section of the print edition under the headline "Precious bodily fluids"From the June 10th 2023 editionDiscover stories from this section and more in the list of contents Explore the edition TravelOne of the world's greatest feats of engineering reveals the ingenuity of the ancients."The Great Wall impresses everyone who sees it for the first time, from children to adults, from the general tourists to scholars,” says Henry Ng, the manager of the World Monuments Fund’s China projects. “The vastness of the structure helps children grasp the great achievements in human history—from the Great Wall to the great pyramids—and can help inspire them to learn more about human achievements over the millennia.”Constructed over a period of 2,000 years, the stone sentry actually consists of many great walls, some dating back to the fifth century The first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, ordered these earlier long wall sections linked and extended with watchtowers to protect the new empire from marauding northern tribes. Succeeding emperors and dynasties continued the construction, spreading westward into the Gobi desert to guard the Silk Road. All together, the walls may have stretched more than 30,000 miles.“Because the walls were defensive structures, you can learn about building and engineering skills throughout ancient China as well as its military history and strategies,” Ng says.“The wall raised my daughter’s awareness of China’s long history,” says Beijing resident Pan Ningxin, who took her daughter Mengmeng, eight, to the wall at Badaling. “We talked about the function of the Great Wall when it was built, so she got some idea of the wars between nations and how dynasties change.”Early sections of the wall were built from layers of rammed earth and local materials—red palm fronds in the Gobi desert, wild poplar trunks in the Tarim Basin, reeds in Gansu. Many of these sections have eroded over the centuries; the Great Legacy of an Ancient Time Wall as we know it largely dates from the Ming dynasty from the 14th to the 17th centuries. The Ming wall stretches nearly 4,500 miles from Shanhaiguan Pass on the Bohai Sea to Jiayuguan Pass in the of the Ming dynasty layered stone and brick over packed earth, building walls 20 feet wide at the base and nearly 30 feet high that twist along the steep mountain ridges north of Beijing. Surrounded by misty green hills with watchtowers that disappear into low-hanging clouds, the wall is a place for reflection—the sense of history and the craftsmanship required to build it permeate the ancient stones.“We wonder about the builders, the soldiers who were stationed at some of these lonely outposts, the nearby villagers who may or may not have appreciated the garrisons near them,” says Jennifer Ambrose, who lives with her family north of Beijing and visits the Great Wall several times a month. “We explore around the wall, surprised to find remains of older walls that predate the Ming by centuries.”Forced laborers used pulleys to haul stone slabs nearly seven feet long and weighing a ton up the steep mountainsides. Some 10,000 watchtowers and beacon towers are located every 200 to 300 yards for quick communication. While drums were the main form of communication before 200 soldiers later used fire and smoke signals to broadcast the size of an enemy force. Each tower along the wall had a ready supply of burnable materials should the need arise. During the Ming dynasty the sounds of cannon warned of approaching will delight in wandering the ramparts, lined with battlements and parapets and wide enough for five horses to ride abreast. “We encourage our seven-year-old son, Myles, to explore the construction as much as he can,” Ambrose says.“To look for signs of pieces that are missing, like bars on the windows, or to try to figure out from which direction invaders were expected to come based on the slots through which archers shot. Often a visit will leave us with more questions that we try to research afterward, like, Why was the Ming wall built in this direction when an earlier wall, still visible, was built so many meters in another direction?”With more than 4,000 miles to explore, there are hundreds of places where you can visit the wall. Sites near Beijing offer the easiest access. Skip the crowds at Badaling, and head for Jinshanling, two hours northeast of the capital, which offers stunning views and invigorating hikes. Children will love seeing the lights that illuminate a section at night. An alternative At Huanghuacheng, about an hour and a half north of Beijing, the wall skirts Jintang Lake and the crescent-shaped Huanghuacheng Reservoir. In summer, the mountain slopes are covered with huanghua yellow wildflowers that gave the town its name. “We most frequently go to the Huanghuacheng area because there are several access points, all rather close together, but different enough to be interesting,” Ambrose says. If you can, visit the Great Wall when it’s blanketed with snow. “The snow enhances the crenellations, making the wall look more castlelike than normal,” Ambrose says. “My son’s imagination really gets going—when we go to Juyongguan in the snow, he pretends he’s in a battle, stuffing snow into the cannon and throwing snowballs over the edge at imaginary foes.”For a quieter, less developed area ideal for young children, visit Mutianyu, a village just over an hour north of Beijing that dates from the 16th century. “This area is forested with crown pines and also full of fruit trees on the hills and in orchards—chestnut, apple, pear, and apricot,” says Jim Spear, who has lived in Mutianyu for 17 years and runs The Schoolhouse lodgings. “My kids roamed all over the local mountains, climbed trees, picked wildflowers, and gathered wild edibles with guidance from our neighbors. This is exactly what the local kids do when they’re not busy with their studies and on vacations.”Enclosed cable cars can transport you straight from the valley to the top of the wall. “But many of our visitors like to get off the beaten track and take walks with their kids to nearby unrestored sections of the Great Wall—what we call the wild wall,’ ” Spear says. “The wild sections there are overgrown and crumbling and the ruins give one a sense of how ancient and great this civilization is.”Know Before You Go Insider Tip The Great Wall was designed for protection, but don’t forget the forts that were another part of China’s defenses. The 16th-century Yaoziyu Fort, for example, is the best preserved of Huanghuacheng’s six forts. Changyucheng Village was founded 500 years ago to guard one of the wall’s most important for KidsThe Seven Chinese Brothers by Margaret Mahy; illustrated by Mou-Sien Tseng 1992 This beautifully illustrated book tells the old Chinese folktale of seven brothers with extraordinary abilities, who band together and use their powers to challenge the emperor’s mistreatment of his workers on the Great for ParentsThe Great Wall From Beginning to End by William Lindesay and Michael Yamashita 2007 The story of Lindesay’s hike along the entire Ming wall, from the Yellow Sea to the desert foothills of the Qilian Mountains, is accompanied by Michael Yamashita’s of the Pipa by Jiang Ting 2003 The elegant Chinese pipa, somewhat similar to a banjo, dates back 2,000 years in China’s history. Ting has played the pipa since childhood and won first prize in China’s national pipa competition in 1996. Here, on this album, she plays ancient and modern Chinese compositions, plus her own melodies. Helpful LinksGreat Wall Website This collection of essays lays out the history of the many long walls that comprise the Great Wall, analyzes the popular folktale of Meng Jiangnu, and answers commonly asked questions about the wall such as, Is it visible from the moon? No.. Be sure to check out the Travel Guide section, which details the various sites and best times to visit the Kids This is an essential resource for families visiting Beijing. Produced by local expat families, the website provides a directory of hotels, restaurants, and educational centers in the city; tips on family-friendly events and activities in the area; and readers’ personal experiences traveling to various Great Wall sites.“The Great Wall of China,” In Our Time BBC radio host Melvyn Bragg discusses the Great Wall of China with Chinese historians in this episode of In Our Time. The scholars vividly describe the differences among the many sections of the Great Wall and talk in depth about its origins. The one thing most people “know” about the Great Wall of China—that it is one of the only man-made structures visible from space—is not actually true. Since the wall looks a lot like the stone and soil that surround it, it is difficult to discern with the human eye even from low Earth orbit, and is difficult to make out in most orbital photos. However, this does not detract from the wonder of this astounding ancient millennia, Chinese leaders instituted wall-building projects to protect the land from northern, nomadic invaders. One surviving section of such an ancient wall, in the Shandong province, is made of hard-packed soil called “rammed earth” and is estimated to be 2,500 years old. For centuries during the Warring States Period, before China was unified into one nation, such walls defended the 220 Qin Shi Huang, also called the First Emperor, united China. He masterminded the process of uniting the existing walls into one. At that time, rammed earth and wood made up most of the wall. Emperor after emperor strengthened and extended the wall, often with the aim of keeping out the northern invaders. In some places, the wall was constructed of brick. Elsewhere, quarried granite or even marble blocks were used. The wall was continuously brought up to date as building techniques Yuanzhang, who became the Hongwu Emperor, took power in 1368 He founded the Ming Dynasty, famous for its achievements in the arts of ceramics and painting. The Ming emperors improved the wall with watchtowers and platforms. Most of the familiar images of the wall show Ming-era construction in the stone. Depending on how the wall is measured, it stretches somewhere between 4,000 and 5,500 kilometers 2,500 and 3,400 miles.In the 17th century, the Manchu emperors extended Chinese rule into Inner Mongolia, making the wall less important as a defense. However, it has retained its importance as a symbol of Chinese identity and culture. Countless visitors view the wall every year. It may not be clearly visible from space, but it is considered “an absolute masterpiece” here on Earth. See China’s Iconic Great Wall From AboveChina’s Great Wall is one of the world’s great feats of engineering and an enduring monument to the strength of an ancient iconic Great Wall, actually a network of fortifications rather than a single structure, is the product of countless labors over a period of some two thousand years. Qin Shi Huang took the remnants of truly ancient fortifications, walls, and earthworks begun in the fifth century and linked them into a unified wall circa 220 as part of a massive project to protect China against marauding barbarians from the the time construction on most of the stone-and-brick Great Wall, with its turrets and watchtowers, was completed during the Ming dynasty 1368-1644 the chang cheng had become the world’s largest human-made recent government mapping project revealed that the entire Great Wall structure spans some 5,500 miles 8,850 kilometers from the Korean border west into the Gobi desert. Of that total 3,889 miles 6,259 kilometers were actual wall, while 223 miles 359 kilometers were trenches and 1,387 miles 2,232 kilometers were natural defensive barriers, like rivers or steep hills, incorporated into the new sections of the wall have recently been uncovered, several sections of the structure have vanished during the past half century or so. Mao Zedong himself encouraged destruction of parts of the wall and reuse of its materials in the 1950s, and rural farmers still make use of the wall’s earth and stone for practical 50 percent of the original ancient structure has already disappeared, and perhaps another 30 percent lies crumbling into ruins—even as Chinese and international organizations struggle to preserve what remains of this unique more than 5,000 miles, the Great Wall of China was built by first emperor, Qin, who began construction in the 3rd century The Great WallStretching more than 5,000 miles, the Great Wall of China was built by first emperor, Qin, who began construction in the 3rd century Photograph by Yimei Sun, Getty ImagesHow to Get Theretourists explore the wall from Beijing. The most popular section Badaling is 42 miles 70 kilometers from the city. This section boasts impressive views, and with crowds come all the modern trappings of development. Those seeking less popular or unrestored sections of the wall have many suitable choices within easy driving distance of to GoThe wall has endured centuries of seasons and remains ready to host visitors year round. The Beijing region has icy winters, but the hardy will find far fewer crowds than during the peak summer seasons. Autumn is often delightful near Beijing with mild weather 43° to 64°F/6° to 18°C and reduced tourist crowds. Wind and dust can be common in springtime. China is a nation of festivals, so consider timing a visit to coincide with a celebration in the shadows of the to VisitAs is appropriate for a monument so massive, there are many ways to visit the wall. Some visitors aspire to admire the views from popular tourist sections, pose for pictures, walk the wall, and take advantage of amenities from restaurants and shops to cable car rides. Others choose to explore rugged sections of the structure on extended hikes and climbs of unrestored “wild wall” sections, though these can be dangerous and are often located in rural areas well off the typical tourist path. You must know that the Great Wall of China is the world's longest wall and the biggest ancient architecture. But do you know that the Great Wall is not a continuous line, it was not built at one time, nearly 1/3 of the Wall has disappeared, and it is highly poisonous...? Read our 30 easy-to-read Great Wall of China facts for interesting info about its length, age, construction, location, and hidden secrets. Get some quick Great Wall expertise to enrich your knowledge or to share with your kids. 9 Quick Facts about Great Wall Construction 1. The Great Wall is more than 2,300 years old 9+ dynasties' worth. 2. The official length is 21, km 13, mi, half the equator! But, nearly 1/3 of the Great Wall has disappeared without a trace. 3. The typical height of the Great Wall is 5–8 meters 16–26 feet, around three to five times the height of an adult. 4. The First Emperor of Qin was not the first to build the Great Wall. He linked the northern walls of the states he conquered. 5. The Great Wall labor force included soldiers, forcibly-recruited peasants, convicts, and prisoners of war. 6. The main construction materials of the Great Wall were earth, stone, lime, and wood. From the Ming Dynasty 1368–1644, bricks were largely used. 7. The Great Wall is not a continuous line there are sidewalls, enclosing walls, parallel walls, and sections with no wall high mountains or rivers form a barrier instead. 8. The main purpose of the Great Wall was for border defense but it also transmitted messages using beacon towers communication and allowed troops to travel in a faster way transportation. 9. Since 1644, when the Ming Dynasty was overthrown, no further work has been done on the Great Wall for military purposes. 9 Mind-Blowing Great Wall Facts Unknown to Most 1. The Great Wall of China cannot be seen from space by the human eye without aid. 2. Glutinous rice mortar was used to bind the Great Wall bricks, which is much stronger than ordinary lime mortar, and also water-resistant. 3. The Great Wall is poisonous. Arsenic, "the poison of kings" was used to prevent erosion of the Wall by insects like ants. The Great Wall protected the ancient Silk Road. 4. Part of the Great Wall coincided with and protected the route of the ancient Silk Road. 5. The Great Wall also had test projects in Zhangjiakou of Hebei, to calibrate the quality and specifications of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty. 6. The Han people were not the only nation to build a Great Wall. The northern nomads also built their own walls for defense. 7. Large-scale battles were rarely fought at the Great Wall. It was not cost-effective for the nomads to attack its fortifications. 8. The most popular Great Wall legend is about Meng Jiangnv, whose husband died building the Wall. Her weeping was so bitter that a section of the Wall collapsed, revealing her husband's bones. But in reality, no bodies have been found buried in the Great Wall. 9. Writing on the Great Wall was not allowed, but in the Ming Dynasty, every brick was carved with the name of the worker and the dates for individual responsibility. The Great Wall Today 6 Facts 1. The Great Wall has remained in 15 of today's provinces and municipalities Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin, Henan, Heilongjiang, and Shandong. 2. The most visited sections of the Great Wall are around Beijing, but Inner Mongolia has the greatest amount of Great Wall in terms of length and sites. 3. Most of today's Great Wall was built in the Ming Dynasty, measuring 8,851 km 5,500 mi, much of which is over 600 years old. 4. Great Wall reconstruction and protection began with Badaling in 1957. In December of 1987, the Great Wall was placed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO. 5. Many Great Wall bricks were used in building homes, farms, or reservoirs during the Cultural Revolution period 1966–1976. 6. Over 4,431 trademarks were named after the Great Wall Great Wall Hotels, Great Wall Motors, etc. 6 Interesting Facts on Famous Great Wall Sections 1. The Gubeikou section of the Great Wall has bullet holes in it, evidence of the last battle fought at the Great Wall. 2. Shanhai Pass is the only section of the Ming Great Wall that meets the sea. 3. Badaling is the most visited section with over 63,000,000 visitors in a year, and it is often overcrowded with domestic visitors. The Badaling section of the Great Wall is always busy with visitors. 4. Mutianyu is popular among international travelers — well-restored and family-friendly, it's suitable for combining with a half-day city sightseeing at the Forbidden City or Temple of Heaven. 5. The Jiankou section of the Great Wall, known for being steep and winding, enjoys the most appearances on Great Wall picture books and postcards. It is also the most challenging section for a Great Wall hike. 6. Simatai is not the only Great Wall section that is fully lit up with lights at night, and so is recommended for a night tour alongside Gubei Water Town, which it overlooks. From Moderate Sightseeing to Hiking view more

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